We all have difficulty at times communicating in our close relationships, with our children, parents, partners, siblings and friends. When substances are involved, communication breaks down even more, leaving conflict high and the potential to connect and plan for change low. At these times arguments, mandates, and ultimatums can be the norm, when compromise, collaboration and connection are what is needed.
Conflict in a relationship easily pulls us all towards talking (or yelling) and giving recommendations for ways things can change. In this post we are going to encourage you to do the opposite and start out trying to resolve conflict by listening.
Listening
There are many ways to listen to another person, some more helpful than others. A powerful therapeutic approach called Motivational Interviewing emphasizes four strategies: open-ended questioning, affirming, reflecting or active listening, and summarizing.
1. Open-ended questions – These are questions that call for some elaboration, that can’t be answered with one word. “What concerns you most?” “What would you like to be different?” Open questions invite description, giving you, the listener, more to listen to and learn from. They also set a collaborative tone, as they communicate more interest in the other person’s point of view. Open-ended questions should be inviting information (from them), not suggesting information (from you). Here are some examples:
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| Closed Question | Open-Ended Questions |
|---|---|
| “Don’t you feel bad that your boss called you into his office?” | “What was your reaction when your boss called you into his office?” |
| “Do you want to change how you communicate with others?” | “What do you think needs to change?” |
[/fusion_table]
2. Affirmations – Listen for the positives. Communication can easily become all about what’s wrong. Noticing what’s going right and explicitly acknowledging it can change everything: it puts some balance back in the conversation, holds a positive connection, and keeps you headed for more conversation instead of a shutdown. How? Affirming statements reduce defensiveness, which helps when you get to tougher issues (what’s not going so well). They also provide direction, increase self-esteem and reinforce positive behaviors. Affirmations are not cheerleading, which is more general; they refer to something specific. Highlighting the other person’s strengths and recognizing positive behaviors will improve your relationship and set the stage for collaboration and change.
For example, you can:
- Acknowledge effort: “It’s obvious you are trying hard.”
- State your appreciation: “I appreciate your openness and honesty today.”
- Catch the person doing something right: “Thanks for helping my mom out today.”
- Give a compliment: “I like the way you said that. You are really good with people.”
- Express hope, caring, or support: “I hope this weekend goes well for you!”
3. Reflections – Also called active listening, reflections involve restating some or all of what you think the person talking to you said. Your reflection can simply restate the words you heard, or it may reflect the feeling in the words; it can even infer meaning, as long as you are open to maybe getting it wrong! Reflections are statements, not questions (which can slow down or redirect the other person).
As well as communicating that you understand, reflections make sure you actually do understand what she is saying—or, if you get it wrong, that you are trying. Reflecting is not necessarily agreeing, but it is being willing to hear how the other person sees things, instead of immediately countering. Reflective listening helps a discussion go forward, even or especially after you’ve defensiveness and roadblocks that would normally shut things down.
4. Summaries – With open questions, affirmations, and reflections you may end up in a long and productive conversation! Summarizing communicates that you were listening, and helps pull together the important things that were said. It can also help the other person tie his thoughts together in a way that might lead her to connect certain dots. Summaries can even guide the conversation toward a next step, without forcing an agenda. Like reflections, summaries should come with permission for the other person to disagree with or correct the record as you recount it. Try to summarize as accurately as possible, without editing the conversation to include what you wished she had said.
By using these listening skills you will be better equipped to have difficult conversations with the people you love most. For more information about how listening can improve your relationships, you can check out our listening page.